Mother Board Integrated Circuit

Basically chipset consists of integrated circuits with systems to support graphical resources and peripherals. Seen as the two basic units can be displayed as shown below.

Windows XP HELP/TIPS

Windows key + R = Run menu

cmd = Command Prompt

iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer

compmgmt.msc = Computer Management

Windows key + E = Explorer

ALT + Tab = Switch between windows
ALT, Space, X = Maximize window

CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager

Windows key + Break = System properties

Windows key + F = Search

Windows key + D = Hide/Display all windows

CTRL + C = copy

CTRL + X = cut

CTRL + V = paste

Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run

devmgmt.msc = Device Manager

msinfo32 = System Information

cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup

ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility) 

excel = Microsoft Excel (If Installed)

msaccess = Microsoft Access (If Installed)

powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed)

winword = Microsoft Word (If Installed)

frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed)

notepad = Notepad

wordpad = WordPad

calc = Calculator

mspaint = Microsoft Paint

wmplayer = Windows Media Player

control = Opens the Control Panel

Internetbrowser

type in u're adress "google", then press [Right CTRL] and [Enter]
add www. and .com to word and go to it

Keyboard Shortcuts

[Alt] and [Esc] Switch between running applications
[Alt] and letter Select menu item by underlined letter
[Ctrl] and [Esc] Open Program Menu
[Ctrl] and [F4] Close active document or group windows (does not work with some applications)
[Alt] and [F4] Quit active application or close current window
Ctrl] Lft., Rt. arrow Move cursor forward or back one word
Ctrl] Up, Down arrow Move cursor forward or back one paragraph
[F1] Open Help for active application
Windows+M Minimize all open windows
Shift+Windows+M Undo minimize all open windows
Windows+F1 Open Windows Help
Windows+Tab Cycle through the Taskbar buttons
Windows+Break Open the System Properties dialog box
explorer shortcuts
END....... Display the bottom of the active window.
HOME....... Display the top of the active window.

For Windows XP Short cut Key

Copy. CTRL+C
Cut. CTRL+X
Paste. CTRL+V
Undo. CTRL+Z
Delete. DELETE
Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin. SHIFT+DELETE
Copy selected item. CTRL while dragging an item
Rename selected item. F2
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph. CTRL+UP 
Select all. CTRL+A
Search for a file or folder. F3
View properties for the selected item. ALT+ENTER
Close the active item, or quit the active program. ALT+F4
Opens the shortcut menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Close the active document in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously. CTRL+F4 
Refresh the active window. F5 
Cancel the current task. ESC 

Guide To Purchase Used Laptop

ü  Laptop is used to carry from place to place so people who travel a lot must think of the weight of the laptop.

ü  Every battery has a lifetime. So going for a Laptop with hardly any battery backup is not suggested. Minimum of 45 minutes battery backup is very necessary. So while purchasing the second hand laptop please keep in mind to check the laptop only on battery for minimum 30 minutes and also keep an eye on battery usage indicator.

ü  Carry with yourself an audio, video & Blank CD/DVD so that u can check the audio section and video section of the laptop including the CD/DVD read/write test.

ü  Run the scandisk utility available in all versions of windows and check for bad sector in hard disk.

ü  Take with yourself any external device like thumb drive to test the USB port.

ü  Take with yourself SD memory card to test Card Reader (If the option is available on the laptop)

ü  Take an external headphone and microphone to test the external audio port.

ü  Attach the laptop to the external monitor to check the external VGA port is working or not.

ü  Open any word file and check all the keys are working or not.

ü  Check for battery charging for 5 to 10 minutes and see the battery indicator is showing charging.

ü  Press the window and the break keys on the keyboard and see the amount of RAM and CPU details. Further check the hardware and then the Device manager to see all driver are installed or not. There should be no Exclamation mark.

ü  Slide the LCD screen slowly on the hinges and check any flicker on the display if so there may be a problem on the connector cable driving the LCD circuit of the laptop.

ü  Also check the Modem, Bluetooth & Wi-Fi Port if available on your laptop to be purchased (Do only if you know) I will be writing on these subject next.

ü  Check the laptop minimum for 45 minutes to see whether laptop hangs or restarts or shutdowns.

ü  See the Laptop User manual and Driver CD are there with the Laptop.

ü  See that u get a laptop carry case, otherwise u have to purchase one.

If all the conditions meets out OK and within your budget just go for it.

Maintenance Of Laptop

ü  Don't leave your battery unused for long periods of time. Even if you use AC power most of the time, use the battery regularly to keep it in good condition. Switch off your AC adapter when the laptop is not in use. This prevents overcharging.

ü  To extend battery life, you can try decreasing the LCD brightness while using your notebook. You can activate the `Standby' and `Hibernation' power saving modes, too, for better battery life; you can put off the Wi-Fi when not in use.

ü  If you do not use your laptop for extended periods of time-a week or more remove the battery pack from the laptop, but only after discharging it fully.

ü  No eating and drinking near or around your laptop. The least bit of water could short-circuit some sensitive laptop circuits, and render it useless.

ü  You may sometimes be tempted to turn your laptop off by simply holding down the power button until it powers down. Although quick, this method is harmful to the laptop and could cause data loss. A hard reboot should only be used as a last resort. Sometimes this is inevitable, for instance, when Windows hangs. But this should not be a regular practice.

ü  Don't subject your laptop to jerks and shocks. This will help avoid damage to your hard drive. Preferably, power the notebook off before moving it from one place to another.

ü  External peripherals and accessories such as external optical drives, PC cards and USB keyboard lights draw power from the notebook. Disconnect such devices when not in use.

ü  Booting the notebook when it is not connected to a power source draws a lot of power from the battery. Instead of shutting down your laptop in the middle of a meeting, choose the `Suspend' mode if you wish to use it again after just a short interval. This will save battery and help you restart your work faster.

ü  If you have just shut down your laptop, give it 30 seconds before you start it up again. This ensures that the hard drive has spun down, and is not subjected to sudden switching on and off.

ü  Don’t put on the laptop keeping of cloth or bed because generally the air flow is from bottom, regular doing so may reduce the life of laptop circuit.

Don’t press very hard the laptop keyboard because, if damaged can cost very high, therefore while playing game use external keyboard.